Sewage water treatment must be appropriate to prevent the damage to the environment

Sewage water treatment is closely related to the standards and/or expectations set for the effluent quality. Sewage water treatment processes are designed to achieve improvements in the quality of the wastewater.

The various sewage water treatment processes may reduce:

·         Suspended solids (physical particles that can clog rivers or channels as they settle under gravity)

·         Biodegradable organics (e.g. BOD) which can serve as “food” for microorganisms in the receiving body. Microorganisms combine this matter with oxygen from the water to yield the energy they need to thrive and multiply; unfortunately, this oxygen is also needed by fish and other organisms in the river. Heavy organic pollution can lead to “dead zones” where no fish can be found; sudden releases of heavy organic loads can lead to dramatic “fishkills”.

·         Pathogenic bacteria and other disease causing organisms. These are most relevant where the receiving water is used for drinking, or where people would otherwise be in close contact with it; and

·          Nutrients, including nitrates and phosphates. These nutrients can lead to high concentrations of unwanted algae, which can themselves become heavy loads of biodegradable organic load Treatment processes may also neutralize or removing industrial wastes and toxic chemicals. This type of treatment should ideally take place at the industrial plant itself, before discharge of their effluent in municipal sewers or water courses.

Widely used terminology refers to three levels of sewage water treatment: primary, secondary, and tertiary (or advanced).

Primary (mechanical) sewage water treatment is designed to remove gross, suspended and floating solids from raw sewage. It includes screening to trap solid objects and sedimentation by gravity to remove suspended solids. This level is sometimes referred to as “mechanical treatment”, although chemicals are often used to accelerate the sedimentation process. Primary sewage water treatment can reduce the BOD of the incoming wastewater by 20-30% and the total suspended solids by some 50-60%. Primary sewage water treatment is usually the first stage of wastewater treatment. Many advanced wastewater treatment plants in industrialized countries have started with primary treatment, and have then added other treatment stages as wastewater load has grown, as the need for treatment has increased, and as resources have become available.

Secondary (biological) sewage water treatment removes the dissolved organic matter that escapes primary treatment. This is achieved by microbes consuming the organic matter as food, and converting it to carbon dioxide, water, and energy for their own growth and reproduction. The biological process is then followed by additional settling tanks (“secondary sedimentation", see photo) to remove more of the suspended solids. About 85% of the suspended solids and BOD can be removed by a well running plant with secondary treatment. Secondary sewage water treatment technologies include the basic activated sludge process, the variants of pond and constructed wetland systems, trickling filters and other forms of treatment which use biological activity to break down organic matter.

Tertiary sewage water treatment is simply additional treatment beyond secondary.  Tertiary sewage water treatment can remove more than 99 percent of all the impurities from sewage, producing an effluent of almost drinking-water quality. The related technology can be very expensive, requiring a high level of technical know-how and well trained treatment plant operators, a steady energy supply, and chemicals and specific equipment which may not be readily available. An example of a typical tertiary sewage water treatment process is the modification of a conventional secondary sewage water treatment plant to remove additional phosphorus and nitrogen.

Disinfection, typically with chlorine, can be the final step before discharge of the effluent. However, some environmental authorities are concerned that chlorine residuals in the effluent can be a problem in their own right, and have moved away from this process. Disinfection is frequently built into treatment plant design, but not effectively practiced, because of the high cost of chlorine, or the reduced effectiveness of ultraviolet radiation where the water is not sufficiently clear or free of particles.

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Sewage water treatment is as important because poor sanitation is the cause of water contamination, which causes many types of diseases. If sewage water treatment is not appropriate, water related diseases will spread to the environment and will cause damage to human health. To know more insights, please visit our www.questepa.com.